The superimposed concentric circles measure intensity, with the least intensity at the origin and gaining intensity in proportion to the radius. Other researchers have used a range of synonymic terms for affiliation and dominance including: agency/communion, getting-ahead/getting along, ambitious/agreeable, assertiveness/compassion, dominant/friendly and domineering/nurturant. When used as a taxonomy of personality, affiliation and dominance have commonly been used as the orthogonal dimensions. Interpersonal Circumplex taxonomies are characterised by radially divided concentric circles superimposed over two orthogonal axes (Fig 1A). The Interpersonal Circumplex became a watershed theory in personality psychology, and although it is not often used in contemporary application, it remains a foundational influence. Leary continued developing the Interpersonal Circumplex, which gained international recognition through his seminal text, 'The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality'. After Sullivan's death, the Kaiser Foundation Group, which included Timothy Leary, operationalised Sullivan's concepts and were credited with discovering the circumplex. One sketch from 1948 was similar to the subsequent Interpersonal Circumplex it depicts two individuals in an interpersonal interaction, connected by one arc representing a disaffiliative force, and two arcs representing affiliative forces. In the early-mid twentieth century, the American psychoanalyst, Harry Stack Sullivan, began mapping theories of interpersonal dynamics in circular forms. The Interpersonal Circumplex was born out of this tradition. For instance, ancient Greek astrology divided the sky into twelve equal portions of a circle, and from that derived the star-signs which are still discussed in popular culture today. It was hypothesised that the lexical approach could be utilised to identify an overarching taxonomy of personality, emotion and behaviour.įor thousands of years, circles have been used in various ways to map the breadth of the human experience. ![]() A unifying taxonomy encompassing personality, emotions and behaviour would be more parsimonious than three separate taxonomies. It was therefore hypothesised that a taxonomy may encompass all three concepts of emotion, behaviour and personality. Psychological connections have been observed between the concepts of emotion, behaviour and personality. ![]() Identifying a grand theory has been deemed one of the most important goals of personality research with impact for both diagnostic and therapeutic understanding. There remains disagreement about the number or nature of personality factors giving rise to the diverse variety of personality constructs. The characteristics of a parsimonious model of personality are well understood, yet no 'periodic table' or grand theory of the whole person currently exists. ![]() Taxonomies may be said to be parsimonious if they precisely describe a broad range of phenomena with the minimum number of independent variables. The law of parsimony states that 'the simplest explanation of an event or observation is the preferred explanation', or in other words, 'Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.'. Taxonomies are systems of measuring or classifying phenomena that facilitate precise communication and common understanding. ![]() Raymond Cattell, who introduced factor analysis to personality research, originally trained as a chemist and stated that his lifelong ambition was to identify a model of personality with similar explanatory power as the periodic table of elements. Since antiquity, humans have sought to identify a framework for understanding the whole person, encompassing personality, emotion and behaviour.
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